In everyday life, we see very beautiful phenomenon like rainbow, blue sky, red sun during sunrise and sunset etc. We see astronauts going to space. Now after every these processes, there is Science.

Origin of Term Science:

Science term is originated from laten term SCIENTIA which means to know or Knowledge. It means science means to have knowledge of something. One can see the worldhistory website also regarding origin of term science.

Scientists all over the world do theoretical and experimental research and this research is applied in various fields like Physics, chemistry, environment, energy etc.

Types of Science:

Science can be broadly classified into three categories:

a) Physical Science like Physics, Chemistry etc

b) Earth Science like Geologist, Environmentalist etc.

c) Life Science like Agriculturist etc.

This is the basic definition of Science and their types. I hope you have understood.

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As white light from Sun consists of seven colors. Exactly, you are right that is the color of Rainbow that is VIBGYOR. You must have seen the same during experiment with Prism. If not try to do it.

You will see Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red that is VIBGYOR.  

The wavelength of these colors vary from 4000 angstroms to 7000 angstroms. 4000 is of Violet and 7000 is of Red. It means the Violet is the shortest wave or we can say that it has shortest wavelength and Red has longest wavelength.

Now come back to what is the role of air particles consisting mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, dust particles or water droplets in appearing the color of sky blue. The air molecules are smallest in size and these molecules will scatter the shortest color or wavelength of light easily that is violet, indigo and blue. But violet is not so bright color and percentage of violet is very low in sun light also and indigo and blue after scattering mixes and give the bluish color to sky after scattering .

This is also proved by Rayleigh Scattering which shows that scattering is inversely proportional to (wavelength)⁴.  It means lesser the wavelength; more will be the scattering. That is case with blue color.

During sun rise and sun set, the Sun is at horizon of earth that is much farther away from earth (please refer figure). Thus sun light travels the maximum distance during sun rise and sun time. Of course blue color scattered much more due to reason already discussed, but as sun is farther away thus blue also go away farther after scattering or more precisely Rayleigh Scattering during sun rise and sun set.

Therefore the color like orange and Red easily passed through the atmosphere as these are least scattered. In the above diagram sun is at top not at horizon but during sunrise and sunset, sun is at horizon and light has to travel maximum distance. Thus the blue light scattered but remains farther away but red light least scattered reaches our earth easily. This is the reason that during sun rise and  sun set the sky looks Red. The reason of sky is blue at day time and red during sunset and sunlight is explained by metoffice.gov.uk also.

This is the reason that sun and sky looks Red during sunset and sunrise time.

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The light travel in form of waves and it passes through atmosphere surrounding our earth. The meaning of atmosphere is place having atoms or airs. Now the atmosphere has air molecules, dust particles and water droplets. The maximum number of gases present in the atmosphere of earth is oxygen and nitrogen.

As white light from Sun consists of seven colors. Exactly, you are right that is the color of Rainbow that is VIBGYOR. You must have seen the same during experiment with Prism. If not try to do it.

You will see Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red that is VIBGYOR.  

The wavelength of these colors vary from 4000 angstroms to 7000 angstroms. 4000 is of Violet and 7000 is of Red. It means the Violet is the shortest wave or we can say that it has shortest wavelength and Red has longest wavelength.

Now come back to what is the role of air particles consisting mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, dust particles or water droplets in appearing the color of sky blue. The air molecules are smallest in size and these molecules will scatter the shortest color or wavelength of light easily that is violet, indigo and blue. But violet is not so bright color and percentage of violet is very low in sun light also and indigo and blue after scattering mixes and give the bluish color to sky after scattering .

This is also proved by Rayleigh Scattering which shows that scattering is inversely proportional to (wavelength)⁴.  It means lesser the wavelength; more will be the scattering. That is case with blue color.

Therefore, due to the scattering of blue light more by air molecules as they have shorter in size, blue color scattered more and thus sky looks blue in color due to this reason.

But here question arises, then why sky looks reddish or orange during sun set and why cloud looks white? Also does the sky looks blue from other planets? We will discuss these in coming articles. In case of doubt, please post in the comments section. Below is our youtube video regarding why Color of Sky is Blue?

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What a Scientist does:

The physics, chemistry, biology etc comes under the purview of Science. Now what a scientist do?

Scientist basically study natural phenomenon like Newton studied why apple fallen from tree? Thus, he gave a scientific concept, that is what is law of Gravitation? Similarly there are Newton’s first, second and third law. Similarly there is Darwin theory, various Einstein laws etc.

What an Engineer does:

On the other hand, Engineers do the Applied work that is how a science concept may be applied to create a new product or design a new product using various available science laws, mathematical concepts etc.

Explanation with Examples:

Physics and Mathematics as Science and Computer Science as Engineering: A Physics is a science where we learn about nature, basic principles and laws like Newton’s law as explained above, like photosynthesis etc. Similarly is mathematics, we learn  basic concepts. Computer Science as engineering, one can apply mathematical concepts to create programs that may be helpful to design software.

Do you know there is a field in Physics that is glasses where one can synthesis glasses and study teir properties. But there is another field like Glass engineering where Engineers can make Gorilla glass used in mobiles.

Chemistry as Science and Chemical Engineering: In chemistry, we learn reactions like Transesterification is a reaction to convert triglycerides to monoglycerides. But in chemical engineering, same reaction is applied to make biodiesel that is again monoglycerides.

Career options in Science and Engineering:

There are many career options in Science and Engineering. Like in Sciences, one can do Post graduation and the PhD to become researcher, Scientific officer, teachers, project leader etc. One can pursue pure Sciences to make career.

In Engineering, computer science engineer can become the software engineers or hardware engineers, mechanical engineers, civil engineers, environmental engineers etc. There are various career options after doing B.Tech. CSE.

Conclusion:

To conclude, one may say that both science and engineering are complementary to each other.

Please share your thoughts and more difference between science and engineering in comment section.

Thanks

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1. What is the pumping source in Ruby laser?

1. Electrical Pumping
2. Optical
3. Chemical
4. None of the above

II. What is the output in wavelength of ruby laser?

1. 6943 angstroms
2. 6328 angstroms
3. 5400 angstroms
4. 8000 angstroms

III. Is Ruby laser a gas laser?

1. True
2. false

IV. What is the pumping source in Helium – Neon laser?

1. Electrical Pumping
2. Optical
3. Chemical
4. None of the above

V. What is the output in wavelength of Helium-Neon laser?

1. 6943 angstroms
2. 6328 angstroms
3. 5400 angstroms
4. 8000 angstroms

VI. Ruby laser is a ___________ level laser.

1. Three
2. Four
3. Five
4. Two

VII. Helium-Neon laser is a ___________ level laser.

1. Three
2. Four
3. Five
4. Two

VIII. In LASER, S stands for:

1. Spontaneous
2. Stimulated
3. Simultaneously
4. None of the above

IX. Laser medium in Ruby laser is:

1. Aluminium oxide
2. Chromium oxide
3. Chromium oxide doped with aluminium ions
4. Aluminium oxide doped with chromium ions

X. Which laser has continuous output?

1. Ruby laser
2. Helium-Neon laser
3. Both
4. None of the above

Answers: I. (2), II (1), III(2), IV(1), V(2), VI(1), VII (2), VIII (2), IX (4), X(2) The above are the 10 important MCQs of laser, Ruby laser and Helium-Neon laser.

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Today I want to share my personal bad experience with you. You must have heard that copper is good for health and many of us drink water in copper bottle or glass. Many of us drink water in copper bottle or glass by storing water through out night and then drink water in morning in empty stomach.

I have suffered from fever few days back and also stomach was upset. One day before going for office in morning, I thought of mixing oral rehydration salts (ORS) available commonly in market chemist shop. The ORS is used to replace lost fluid in body. It has sodium, potassium glucose etc. So it is very good in case of dehydration.

Thus I have mixed ORS with water placed in copper bottle. Then I went for office and drank water regularly. At about 3 pm, I again drank water placed in copper bottle but it was quite bitter at that time. Therefore I left it. But after some time I have constant bitter taste in my mouth. When I reached home, I was feeling nausea and stomach pain. Then by chance I saw the color of water. To my surprise, the color of water was blue.

As I have science back ground (but not chemistry), I immediately reached a conclusion that copper reacted with some salt of ORS. Then I immediately contacted doctor on phone. He suggested to continuously drink water and donot sleep. I did the same but stomach pain was still there and with nausea and bitter taste of mouth. But I continuously drank water so that any toxic thing should be removed from my body. At about midnight, I slept and in the morning I was feeling much better.

This was my bad experience after drinking mix of water and ORS in copper bottle. But why did it happen? Of course copper reacted with acidic things like lemon etc. and converted to something toxic. Copper toxicity happened due to reaction. You may please share the possible reasons in comment section.

Thus we should drink plane water in copper bottle even that in morning only preferably in empty stomach. Because in whole of the day, we take acidic food items and even if we take plane water in copper bottle, it may produce toxic effect. Copper containers are very good to drink water but my suggestion is to take water in it in morning with empty stomach.

Thus as per my knowledge one should not mix acidic food items in water in copper bottle or even do not mix anything else without knowledge.

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I want to share one of the methods that I have adopted personally to recycle water. Most of us have flower pots in our house where we take care of our plants like our kids. We give them food, water, sun light so that they can grow.

We also have ROs filters that is reverse osmosis filters installed in our homes also. When we fill water in the tank of ROs then we must have seen that water gets filtered and water also comes through the side pipe. It was getting wasted. This water was going into sink and getting waste. One day I thought to use this water and placed an empty jug under it. When the jug got filled with water, I have used this water to water the plants in flower pots. This way I have reused the water getting waste and did my little bit to save water.

Dear Friends, You may also suggest little bit methods to save water or reuse or recycle water for our Dearest Earth. Please drop your suggestions in comment boox.

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It seems these days everyone I speak to, from family members to friends, is suffering from some sleeping disorder or another. If it isn’t problems falling to sleep, it’s frequent waking and in some cases full blown insomnia. Eek!

In fact, such is the problem that recently the Centre for Disease Control declared the prevalence of sleeping disorders to constitute a public health epidemic. Yikes!

So what’s to blame for our lack of slumber. Well, old Tommy Edison has a lot to answer for, it was his invention of the electric lightbulb that started it all the problems. Once he helped us electrify the night we began to act against a long process of evolution that associates darkness with sleep.

Then came along the biggest problem – screens. Yep, that screen you’re looking at right now could be singlest biggest reason why you’re not getting the sleep your body and mind so desperately require. Read on below and explain exactly why screens and sleep are terrible bedfellows.

Screens and melatonin

For countless generations our ancestors lived in sync with the rising and falling of the sun. When that big yellow ball popped up in the morning we came out of our caves to hunt and gather. When sunset fell, we scuttled back under cover for fear of the long dark night. Our brains evolved to associate light with being awake and alert, and darkness with sleep.

This association with darkness and sleep still exists, when the light begins to fade our eyes send messages to the brain’s pineal gland, which triggers the release of a hormone called melatonin. When melatonin floods through our system it driggers drowsiness and signals to our body that it’s time to get some shuteye.

So, where do screens come in? Well, unfortunately the light emitted from your television, laptop or smartphone all falls on the same part of the blue light spectrum as daylight. Meaning whilst it may be pitch black outside, if you’re watching television or scrolling social media before bed, your poor brain still thinks it’s daytime. Melatonin production is delayed and the result is that when you finally put ear to pillow, your mind is still alert and racing like it’s midday. What a nightmare!

Screens and overstimulation

It’s not just the pesky bluelight that causes problems when it comes to bedtimes. Oh no, it’s how we interact with them too.

In today’s world screens are no longer just one-way information emitting objects they were when our parents were young, far from it. Today’s screens are often highly tactile interfaces. Tablets and smartphones require input in order to function. This is why we love them, it’s like playing a game! And that’s even before you even get to all the actually games you can play on them.

This two-way exchange is why we love our smartphones and tablets so. But it also means the brain has to keep constantly active. If you’re tap, tap, tapping away on your screen seconds before you flick the bedroom light off to sleep, then your brain is going to be buzzing.

If you’re interested in working out just how much sleep you actually get a night, there are some unbelievably useful gadgets out there that help you monitor exactly the impact screens are having on your slumber.

Screens and addiction

The light and the way we use screens both conspire to keep us awake. So too does the things we are are consuming through these screens. Social media and most apps work on the reward centres of our brain. Everytime a photo we’ve posted receives a like or a comment, we are rewarded with a little dose of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It feels good, like getting a little hug for the brain.

The problem is with anything that feels good, we begin to crave more of it and then an addiction forms. Marketers and app developers are super aware of this fact and they pray on it like vultures. Pretty much every app today works like a game, the more you interact with it the more feedback it gives you, the more mini brain hugs you get.

The result of this is the average American is now thought to check their phone every 12 minutes they are awake. That’s 80 times a day!

Our screen addiction means bedrooms are no longer the preserve of sleep alone. We now scroll social media, reply to emails and watch movies while tucked up in bed. The consequence of this is that our brains have learnt to dissociate beds with sleep. Just another reason why you can’t get no sleep.

Final Thoughts

Technology is a truly wonderful thing, screens and the devices they are attached too have revolutionised pretty much every aspect of our lives. In many ways for the better but when it comes to sleep the correlation is clear. Screens are a problem.

The solution however isn’t that hard, all you need to do is adopt a couple of healthy nighttime measures, such as power down all screens an hour before bed and banning smartphones from your bedroom entirely. Simple. Once you’ve done that you’ll soon find a good night far easier to come by. Sweet dreams!

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Stem Cells for Stroke Patients

Although it was a small trial, scientists have seen a tremendous improvement that was used to help chronic stroke patients. Patients suffered from stroke had lost one or the other motor skills and somewhere even not able to walk. There were no side effects and patients were discharged the very next day, happily home.

Discovery of A Ninth Planet

Recently the Ninth Planet that is believed to exist has created a dip in a solar system in recent times. The astronomers who have published this discovery has stated the possibility that this planet exists around nineteen million away. It is possible that would resolve the huge question in the astronomy as to why does the solar system lies on a straight tilt. Presently the existence of planet nine is hypothetical. Suppose if it exists it is likely to be predicted that it would be around two to fifteen times of the earth.

From Carbon Dioxide to a Solid Stone

It is probably a new pathway that is discovered by modern researchers to trap carbon dioxide beneath the ground. It plays a vital role in regulating the emission of carbon dioxide as it would have a drastic effect on a climate change.

We have probably started witnessing this affects that a recent time. The central scenario is to collect the carbon dioxide from the plants directly and pump into a volcanic rock in an Iceland.  It would speed up a natural process that involves the conversion of basalt into carbon dioxide and in turn into a limestone.

Cave Fish Resembles Four-Limbed Vertebrates

One of the species of cave fish was found in the dark caves of a northern Thailand by researchers. One of the factors that were stated by scientists was that they were capable of walking and they had certain characteristics that resembled a reptile or an amphibian. The interesting factor is that these cave fishes are blind. It can be considered as a real discovery in a field of evolutionary adaptation.

A Galaxy Made up of a Dark Matter

Dragonfly Telephoto Array discovered dragonfly in recent time is an ultra diffuse galaxy that emits light about only one percent of the total light emitted by a milky way galaxy. This galaxy is consists of just a few starts by it is amazingly huge as Milkyway. But according to research that has to be conducted recently it is entirely made up of dark matter that is around 99.9 percent. The fact has yet to be proved.

Discovery of New Prime Numbers

Recently a new prime number was discovered, and it is the seventh largest prime that is ever known. It is nine million digits long. It is forty-fourth known Mersenne Prime Number. The primality proof nearly took 31 days according to the source. A modern cryptography requires the usage of Mersenne Prime Numbers, and thus this discovery has proved valuable.

Slight Genetic Mutation Leads to Multicellular Life

The researchers found the reason for the evolvement of a single cell organism to multicell organism that occurred around eight million years ago.  An ancient molecule GK-PID is predicted to be a molecular carabiner which is capable of pulling chromosomes to lump together into the inner walls leading to the exact copy when divisions occur. Recent discoveries as stated that there is a difference between the ancient and current behavioral aspects in GK-Pid.

There are More Galaxies in Our Universe than We Think

The search for the number of galaxies in our universe was limited by the technology of our telescope. Now the new point of analysis and mathematical interruptions have emerged that would that would help to discover more galaxies in our universe. It adds up to the one of the latest discovery “The Hubble Telescope.”

Earth has the Second Moon

A small asteroid has been trapped in earth’s orbit as stated by NASA. It is quite small than our natural satellite, and according to them, it may stay for a while in earth’s orbit. It is termed as 2016 H3O.

Discovery of Eternal Data Storage Method

It is not possible to just store a data just in one device. But it may prove to be totally wrong with the recent discovery of eternal data storage method. Scientists have created a nano-structured glass for the process of retrieving and recording data. It is a small glass disk that can hold data up to 360 TB. Its estimated shelf life would be around more than thirteen million years at a room temperature.

The students can explore the above-mentioned research and conduct his or her own research in higher studies. One of the examinations is JEE Main to do the undergraduate course in reputed engineering colleges. JEE Main Entrance Exams are conducted every year for admittance to various Engineering Institutions across a nation. Students who are willing to crack JEE Main entrance exam for coming the academic year, candidates have to understand the pattern of paper and formulate accordingly carefully.

NCERT Books are of excellent help in preparing from an exam point of view.

About Author: Bhavishya.S is presently working as a content writer at Byju’s. She loves to pen down her imagination through words. Since when she started her career she has written articles and blogs. If you wish to discuss any related concepts or ideas feel free to drop an email at bhavishya.s@byjus.com

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Today we proudly announce the First WinnerScience Innovative Idea Contest- 2015 (WIIC-2015).

Objective:

The objective of the WIIC is to encourage the students to solve the daily life problems with easy and innovative methods. The aim of the contest is to get the idea from your side, the idea may be in the idea form only or it may be in the practical form also. The proposal should focus on to solve the problems and it may be related to any field of science.

More Information:

For further information, elaboration and other important information like eligibility, qualifications benefits to participants, format to submit proposal (like number of words, font size etc.), last date of submission, winner announcements, type of entry (individual or team) etc., please email:

managementation@gmail.com

In case of any doubt, you can also email. Looking forward for your participation.

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