Active medium or active center: Chromium ions act as active centers in ruby crystal. So it is the chromium ions that produce the laser. Pumping
In the last article, I have discussed construction of ruby laser. In this article, I will discuss working of ruby laser. Ruby is a three
The first laser to be operated successfully was ruby laser. First demonstration of laser action using ruby crystal was given by T.H. Maiman in 1960.
Helium neon laser is better than ruby laser or most of the four level lasers are better than three level lasers due to the following
In the four level laser system, the atoms from ground state E1 are raised to excited state E4 with the help of pumping. From the
In the three level laser system, the atoms are pumped from the ground state E1 to higher state E3 with the help of pumping source.
Coherence can be classified into two ways: a) temporal coherence: consider a light wave traveling along +X axis. Consider two different points A and B
When a laser beam is emitted from a source, there may be phase difference between the beams at different points that is it may be
A laser beam has following important characteristics: Divergence or directionality: laser is highly directional beam. monochromaticity: laser is monochromatic that is it has single wavelength
The lasers can be classified by various ways, as explained below: a) State of laser medium: According to state of laser medium, we have solid
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