Nd: YAG is a solid state laser four level laser. Nd stands for neodymium and YAG for Yttrium aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12). It is developed by
The following article will explain each and everything about Ruby laser that is everything about the construction and working of Ruby laser: The first laser
Ruby laser has following uses or advantages or applications: 1. Ruby laser has very high output power of the order of 104 – 106 watts.
Ruby laser has following drawbacks or disadvantages: 1. As the terminus of laser action is the ground state, it is difficult to maintain the population
As we have discussed in working of ruby laser that the terminus of laser action is the ground state E1 in ruby laser. Therefore it
Pumping source: A helical flash lamp filled with xenon is used as a pumping source. The ruby crystal is placed inside a xenon flash lamp.
Active medium or active center: Chromium ions act as active centers in ruby crystal. So it is the chromium ions that produce the laser. Pumping
In the last article, I have discussed construction of ruby laser. In this article, I will discuss working of ruby laser. Ruby is a three
The first laser to be operated successfully was ruby laser. First demonstration of laser action using ruby crystal was given by T.H. Maiman in 1960.
Helium neon laser is better than ruby laser or most of the four level lasers are better than three level lasers due to the following
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